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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
comp.sys.m68k
This list is maintained by:
Robert Boys
Ontario, CANADA
Email: r.boys@genie.geis.com
or
boys@fis.utoronto.ca
September 19, 1994
this is the 8th list
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
= =
= This FAQ is being submitted to the archives at MIT.edu =
= =
= STATISTICS about comp.sys.m68k for July 1994: =
= * 47,000 people read it and it is on 80% of the world's USENET sites. =
= * It is number 588 in popularity. (rec.humor.funny is #3 @ 340,000) =
= * it is more popular than alt.fan.letterman =
= * it is not as popular as alt.fan.monty-python (# 426) =
= * alt.beer (52K) and rec.gambling (55K) are more popular =
= =
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
The information contained in this FAQ is believed to be correct and up to
date. Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. The maintainer
cannot be responsible for errors and omissions. Check with a Motorola
sales office to make sure a device is available before designing any
products. This article is copyright (c) 1994 and all rights are reserved.
This article may be reprinted provided it is intact, proper credit is given
and no cost is levied. Contact the author for permissions.
This FAQ is archived on bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola/general and on
ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq as m68kfaq?.zip. (? is version)
If trouble is experienced with the Alberta site, try ftp.ee.ualberta.ca.
Some files mentioned in this FAQ may have a suffix of .zip, .arc or .gz
depending on the preferences of the archive site administrator.
What's New!
------------
New sections and corrections are identified with a "]" in the left margin.
* H) Other Manufacturers - Signetics, Toshiba and Sonnet
* E) Integrated Circuit Prices
* More descriptions on Supervisor and User modes
* How many transistors in that chip?
* apps.info - list of documents available for some 683xx parts
* new address for HC11/HC16 mailing list
* new cross-gcc mailing list (M68K oriented)
* RTEMS - a real-time operating system available via ftp
* AESOP faqs on M68k and M683xx processors (also on ftp sites)
* Email addresses for Newbridge Microsystems
* Motorola processor prices (some)
* other small additions and corrections
* MIPS and KFLOPS speed comparisons added
* net statistics (see above)
CONTENTS:
1) Motorola 16/32 Bit Product Line
A) MC680x0
B) MC68EC0x0 and MC68LC0x0
C) MC68300 series
D) Peripheral Chips
E) 8 and 16 bit Processors
F) Speed Comparisons
G) PowerPC - MPC601, MPC603, MPC604 series.
] H) Other Manufacturers
2) Software Sources
A) Free Software Available
B) Commercial Software Available
C) Motorola BBS and AESOP
D) ftp Sites
3) Hardware (board level) Sources
A) Integrated Development Platform (IDP), MEVB, BCC, et al
B) VME modules
C) Indiana University 68030 single board project
D) Consumer computers and Workstations
] E) Integrated Circuit Prices
4) Construction Information
5) General Specifications
A) Integrated Circuit Package Information
B) Pin-outs
C) S-Records
D) CPU Clocks and Double-Clocking
6) Literature
A) "Specs in Secs"
B) "UPDATE"
C) "The 68K Connection"
D) Master Selection Guide
E) Motorola Addresses
F) Literature Distribution Centres
G) Training and Instructional Books
H) University Support
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
1) Motorola 16/32 Bit Product Line:
=====================================
Motorola introduced its first microprocessor in 1974: the 8 bit MC6800 with
an extensive line of support peripherals soon available. The MC68000 was
introduced in 1979 and was soon followed by a host of 16 bit peripheral
chips. The 6800 and 68000 families soon became very popular due to their
straightforward architecture and simple and easy to use bus connections.
The first member of the 68K family - the MC68000, is not software
compatible with the 8 bit 6800 series which includes the 68HC11 series.
The 68K family itself is upwards software compatible.
The two Motorola divisions of interest here are the High Performance MPU
and the Advanced Micro-Controller Unit (AMCU). The High Performance Group
deals with the MC680x0 series, 68306, 68307, 68322, 68340, 68341 and 68349.
]The rest (including 680x, 68HC11, 68HC16) are from the AMCU division
]except the 68360, 68302 and 68356 which are from the Communications
]Division.
This FAQ divides the 68K family into three sections - MC680x0, MC68EC0x0
and the MC68300 series. A short section on 8/16 bit processors follows.
The Motorola integrated circuit product line (almost all of it) has the
prefix of "MC" as in MC68030. 68030 and '030 are short forms of this. A
prefix of "XC" indicates a part not yet fully qualified. A prefix of "SC"
designates a part specially made for a customer. The terms M68K or 68K
represent the 68000 processor line in general as in comp.sys.m68k.
( K = 10^3 or ,000 in scientific circles)
A "*" as in DTACK* signifies the signal is active or true in the low state
if level sensitive or on the presence of a negative edge if edge triggered.
A byte is 8 bits, a word 16 bits and a long word is 32 bits. The prefix
"$" as in $7F or $128 signifies a hexadecimal number.
Motorola was originally the Galvin Mfg. Co in the early thirties. The name
"Motorola" came from the fact that Motorola was once a major player in
automobile radios hence the "motor". Autos were called "motor cars"
("motors" by those who were "hip") in the 1930s. The "ola" is the "derived
2nd element of pianola" according to the Oxford dictionary. Pianola was a
turn-of-the-century machine that played pianos. The "ola" is a suffix used
to form commercial nouns often used in the music industry as in "Victrola"
just as "tronics" is a common suffix used today by electronics firms.
A) MC680x0
------------
The original MC68000 has the following general features:
* CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer architecture.
* eight 32 bit general purpose data registers (D0-D7).
* eight 32 bit general purpose address registers (A0-A7).
(A7 is the stack pointer)
* 32 bit Program Counter - linear 4 gigabyte - no paging or segments.
* 16 bit external data bus - needs 16 bit ROM and RAM for system.
Can access 8 or 16 bit memory and peripheral devices.
* 16 Mbyte linear addressing range (23 bit plus Upper* and Lower*
data strobes for an effective 24 bit range), 32 bit with 68020.
* 56 Instruction types - over 1000 useful permutations are possible.
* memory mapped I/O. (peripheral registers addressed as memory).
* 14 addressing modes on a contiguous address space (no segments).
* 5 main data types. (bit, byte, BCD, word and long word).
* Supervisor and User states. Stack Pointer A7 is set to
User (USP) or Supervisor SP (SSP) by a bit in the status register.
* Exception processing and 7 levels of interrupts.
* Tracing function - each instruction ends in a TRAP to user program.
* Asynchronous bus structure. Uses DTACK* from the peripheral chip.
* non-multiplexed address and data buses - interfaces with LS-TTL.
] * Bus Arbitration and an internal TRACE facility for debugging.
* 5 volt NMOS dynamic construction. (68HC000 is a CMOS MC68000)
Exception processing results from interrupts, TRAP instructions, a bus or
]address error or a reset. This feature simplifies software development by
]detecting bugs and errors and helps prevent "run-away" conditions. The
]Exception Vector table is normally made of 255 32 bit vectors using 1024 k
]of memory starting at location 0. The CPU loads the appropriate vector,
]containing the 32 bit address of the routine to service the exception,
]from this table at the occurrence of an exception such as reset, bus or
address error, word access to odd memory location, TRAP and others.
This table is usually constructed in RAM by the operating system during the
initialization period. There are 192 user interrupt vectors reserved. The
initial SSP (Supervisor Stack Pointer) and initial PC (for RESET) occupy
memory location $0 and $4 which usually maps out to ROM. The CPU can only
switch from USER mode to the SUPERVISOR mode via exception processing.
]The majority of programs are meant to execute in the User Mode. The
]Supervisor Mode is used for the operating system and software accessing
]system resources. The processor is in the Supervisor Mode at RESET. A
]system can operate continuously in the Supervisor Mode.
MC68008:
The 68008 is a MC68000 with a 8 bit data bus in a 48 pin DIP or a 52 pin
PLCC. The RAM, ROM and peripheral chips must have 8 bit data paths. The
DIP package address bus is 20 bits (1 mbyte) and the PLCC device has 22
bits (4 mbytes). A0 is present on both these parts. The 68008 is listed
as "not recommended for new designs". Other devices such as the MC68HC001,
68EC000 and the 68302 have a switchable (at reset) 8 or 16 bit data bus.
MC68010:
The 68010 is a 68000 with the addition of virtual machine and virtual
memory capabilities and a "loop mode" which acts like a 3 word instruction
cache. This processor is listed as "not for new designs".
A 68010 will plug into a 68000 socket and work. Three new registers are
added. The Vector Base Register (VBR) determines where in memory the
vector table is located which allows for multiple tables to implement the
virtual machine and memory functions. The Alternate Function Code
Registers (SFC and DFC) allow the Supervisor mode to access user data space
or emulate CPU space cycles. The instruction set is essentially the same
for the 68000/08/10. The 68010 supports modular programming. The CPU32
]processor used in the 68300 series is a 68010 with some 68020
]instructions.
MC68020:
The MC68020 incorporates 32 bit address and data paths and Dynamic Bus
Sizing to "size" peripherals and memory on a cycle-by-cycle basis to 8, 16
or 32 bit lengths using signals supplied by external hardware to the SIZ0-1
pins. The 68020 is software compatible to all earlier 68K members.
A co-processor interface is provided in the instruction set. All virtual
]features of the 68010 are preserved. The multiply and divide instructions
]use 32 bit operands and branch displacements can be 32 bits. A new data
]type, the "quad word" is 64 bits and used in the multiply and divide
]instructions. Over 20 new instructions have been added. A 256 byte
instruction cache has been added along with two cache registers (CACR,
CAAR). A Master Stack Pointer (MSP) (32 bits) has been added to facilitate
Multi-Tasking Operating Systems.
MC68030:
The MC68030 is essentially an improved 68020. The MC68030 incorporates a
paged memory management unit (MMU) and 256 byte instruction and data caches
(modified Harvard Architecture). The internal MMU implements most of the
functions of the MC68851 MMU. Two 64 bit, three 32 bit and one 16 bit
registers have been added for MMU control functions. The improved bus
interface supports "burst mode", asynchronous and synchronous memory
accesses as well as dynamic bus sizing support. The Burst Mode fills the
data and instruction caches with bytes from external memory independently
with four accesses in a row. Many functions of the 68030 operate in
parallel increasing throughput. The 68030 can switch between synchronous
and asynchronous modes "on the fly". The '030 is a device useful for new
designs and is available in PGA and surface mount packages up to 33 Mhz.
MC68040:
The MC68040 adds a Floating Point Unit (FPU), separate memory managers for
data and instruction memory and 4 Kbyte data and instruction caches. The
'040 has 32 bit data and address busses with synchronous bus cycles and
uses a full Harvard architecture. The 68040 (as well as the 68060) does
not support dynamic bus sizing as in the '020 and '030. The MC68150 will
]add this feature to the '040 and '060. A new instruction, "Move16", has
]been added which performs 16 byte block transfers using burst read and
]writes for high speed. The built-in FPU utilizes most of the instructions
]of the MC68882 FPU. For a no-cost software package that simulates the
]unimplemented instructions, see 040_fpsp under A) Free Software Available.
The MC68040 is used in current high power computer systems.
MC68050:
There is no known 68050 part. The rumour on the Net is that since people
were pairing Intel and Motorola processors by part number - ie 6800/8080,
68000/8086, 68010/80186, 68020/80286, 68030/80386 and so on - Motorola
decided to break the pattern and jump from the '040 directly to the '060.
I have never seen any information from Motorola to suggest this story is
true - it is just rumour. It does make appropriate marketing sense.
Signetics once made a Scc68070 that is similar to the MC68000.
]The official word from Motorola is that odd numbered parts represent minor
]changes from the previous chip. Even numbers are for major part changes.
MC68060:
This is the latest and most powerful member of the 68K family. The '060 is
designed as an upgrade from a '040 with 2.5 to 3.5 times the performance of
]the 25 mhz '040. It uses Superscalar pipelined architecture which means
]it can perform more than one instruction at a time. The on-board caches
have been increased to 8 Kbytes each and has 2.5 million transistors on the
single die. The '060 uses various dynamic power management techniques to
reduce power consumption. The '060 has a clock speed of 50 Mhz currently
with a future model at 66 Mhz. This part operates at a Vcc of 3.3 volts
and interfaces to both 3 and 5 volt peripherals. It has been available as
a sample part for some time now and may now be entering quantity
production. This may be the last member of the 68K family. The '060 does
not support dynamic bus sizing except with the addition of the MC68150
]chip. The '060 offers 100 MIPS @ 66mhz or 250 million operations per
second @ 50 mhz.
]ALL NEW HERE!
DEVICE TRANSISTORS DEVICE TRANSISTORS
MC68000 68,000 MC68302 320,000
MC68008 70,000 MC68330 235,000
MC68010 84,000 MC68340 350,000
MC68020/EC20 190,000 MC68440 26,000
MC68030 273,000 MC68661 6,000
MC68EC030 251,000 MC68681 9,743
MC68040 1,170,000 MC68881 155,000
MC68EC040 962,000 MC68882 176,000
MC68LC040 813,500 MC68901 9,100
MC68060 2,500,000 MC68230 16,700
] TO HERE!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Feature | 68000 | 'HC001 | 68010 | 68020 | 68030 | 68040 | 68060 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data bus | 16 8 or 16 16 8/16/32 8/16/32 32 32 |
| Addr bus | 23 23 23 32 32 32 32 |
| Virtual memory | - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes |
| Instruct Cache | - - 3 256 256 4096 8192 |
| Data Cache | - - - - 256 4096 8192 |
| Memory manager | <+ (68451 or 68851) +> 68851 Yes Yes Yes |
| FPU interface | - - - 68881 or 68882 Internal FPU |
| built-in FPU | - - - - - Yes Yes |
| Burst Memory | - - - - Yes Yes Yes |
| Bus Cycle type | <++++++++ asynchronous +++++++> both synchronous |
| Data Bus Sizing| - - - Yes Yes use 68150 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES:
i) 68010, 68008, 68451 are apparently no longer available from Motorola.
ii) FPU (floating point arithmetic unit) has eight 80 bit registers.
iii) MC68008 is a MC68000 with a 8 bit external data path and A0 pin.
iv) MC68882 is an enhanced version of the MC68881. Check the appropriate
data sheets for more information and interchangeability.
v) The MC68000/10 external address bus consists of pins A1 to A23. A0 is
an internal signal. Using this scheme, the processor accesses memory in
steps of 16 bits for a maximum total of 8 mwords or 16 mbytes of memory.
The external outputs UPPER* and LOWER* data strobes can be used to effect
byte transfers. See the 68000 data sheet for more detail. Other 68k
series members have a A0 pin. All internal address registers are 32 bit.
vi) MC68060 has a 256 byte entry branch cache. It is also a 3.3 volt part.
vii) MC68040V and MC68EC040V are 3.3 volt parts, the rest are 5 volts.
viii)MC68HC000 is low power version of the 68000 using HCMOS technology.
ix) MC68HC001 is a HC68000 with either a (at reset) 8 or 16 bit data bus.
x) The MC68040V, 68LC040, 68EC40 or 68EC040V do not have a FPU.
B) MC68EC0x0 and MC68LC0x0
----------------------------
This family is essentially a subset of the MC680x0 product line. It is
designed for low cost embedded controller applications. The major
differences between the two are listed below. Check the appropriate data
sheet for more detailed information.
i) MC68EC000 is a MC68000 with selectable 8 or 16 bit data bus and A0.
ii) MC68EC020 is a MC68020 with a 24 bit address bus rather than 32 bits.
iii) MC68EC030 is a MC68030 without a paged memory manager (PMMU).
iv) MC68LC040 is a MC68040 without a built-in math coprocessor (FPU).
v) MC68EC040 is a MC68040 without a memory manager or built-in FPU.
vi) MC68LC060 is a MC68060 without a built-in math coprocessor (FPU)
vii) MC68EC060 is a MC68060 without a memory manager or built-in FPU.
C) MC68300 series
-------------------
This series incorporates various peripherals into various 68K core
processors. They may be called "integrated processors". The core
processors are the 68EC000 and CPU32. The CPU32 is derived from the 68020
processor. The CPU32 has a 16 bit data bus and the extended version
(CPU32+) incorporates a full 32 bit data bus. The CPU32 and CPU32+ have a
built-in background debugging mode (BDM) in the internal microcode.
EC000 CPU CORES:
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Feature | 68302 | 68306 | 68307 | 68322 | - | - |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Core CPU | EC000 EC000 EC000 EC000 - - |
| TPU (timer) | - - - - - - |
| DUART (68681) | - Yes Yes see - - |
| DRAM controller| - Yes - below - - |
| Static Ram | 576 - - for - - |
| Flash EEPROM | - - - more - - |
| A/D Converter | - - - info - - |
| Serial Ports | 3 Duplex - - - - - |
| DMA | Yes - ? - - - |
| Timer | 3 - 2 - - - |
| Parallel Ports | 2 2 bit - - - |
| Chip Selects X | 4 8 4 - - - |
| PGA package ? | Yes - ? - - - |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
MC68322 (BANDIT): Uses a EC000 core with a RISC graphics processor (RGP),
a print engine video controller (PVC) and other features. This part is
designed for non-impact printers and the fax/modem/printer market.
MC68356: combines a 68302 and a 56002 (Digital Signal Processor - DSP) in
one package. Uses "TRUESPEECH" speech compression. Target market includes
small modems, wireless communications, cellular and automobile navigation.
Available 4th quarter 1994 @$64.95 (qty > 10,000).
CPU32 CPU CORES:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Feature | 68330 | 68331 | 68332 | 68F333 | 68334 | 68340 | 68341 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Core CPU | CPU32 CPU32 CPU32 CPU32 | CPU32 CPU32 CPU32 |
| TPU (timer) | - - Yes Yes | Yes - - |
| DUART (68681) | - - - - | - Yes - |
| DRAM controller| - - - - | - - - |
| Static Ram | - - 2K 4K | 1K - - |
| Flash EEPROM | - - - 64K | - - - |
| A/D Converter | - - - Yes | Yes - - |
| Serial Ports | 2 2 2 2 | - - 2 |
| DMA | - Yes - Yes | - 2 CH 2 CH |
| Timer | 2 GPT - 1 | - 2 Yes |
| Parallel Ports | 2 - - 18 bits| ? 2 2 |
| Chip Selects X | 4 12 12 9 | ? 4 8 |
| PGA package ? | - - - - | ? Yes - |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU32+ CPU CORE: (32 bit address bus) and 68HC16 (for reference).
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Feature | 68349 | 68360 | | | HC16Y1| HC16Z1| HC16Z2 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Core CPU | CPU32+ CPU32+ | CPU16 CPU16 CPU16 |
| TPU (timer) | Yes - | Yes - - |
| DUART (68681) | - 2 UART | - - - |
| DRAM controller| - Yes | - - - |
| Static Ram | 4K 2.5K | 2k 1k 2k |
| Flash EEPROM | - - | 48k rom - 8k rom |
| A/D converter | Yes - | 10 bit 10 bit 10 bit |
| Serial Ports | dual 4 | 2 1 1 |
| DMA | 2 ch 2 ch | - - - |
| Timer | - 4+16 | GPT GPT GPT |
| Parallel Ports | ? 3 | Yes Yes Yes |
| Chip Selects X | ? 8 | 9 12 12 |
| PGA package ? | ? Yes | - - - |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES:
i) Availability of features are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
ii) The MC68330 is the lowest cost member of the 68300 family. (maybe)
iii) CPU32 has a 16 bit external data bus. CPU32+ has a 32 bit data bus.
] The CPU32+(with cache) in the 68349 is sometimes called a CPU30.
iv) Chip Selects X - programmable CS pins to select external peripherals.
v) MC68341 has a RTC. (real time clock)
vi) ? - I do not have the data sheet for this device.
vii) PGA avail - Pin Grid Array. Easier to use as surface mount devices
are difficult to solder. (but not impossible)
viii) These devices are very complicated. It is impossible to outline all
the possible features. Refer to the appropriate data sheet.
ix) The MC68360 has an optional -dual- Ethernet capability. (MC68EN360)
x) Some devices have built-in background debuggers. See data sheets.
xi) MC68307 has a 8051 8 bit data bus, 8 external interrupts and IIC port
x) The MC68F333 may not be available due to production problems.
xi) The 68340V and 68330V are 3.3 volt parts.
xi) GPT = General Purpose Timer. See the appropriate data sheets.
xii) The 68HC16 series is not software compatible with the 68k series.
xiii) The 68349 has a 1 kbyte instruction cache or a 2k static ram. This
] memory has four partitions, each can be configured as cache or ram.
]xiv) The file apps.info from bode.ee.ualberta.ca contains a list of
documents available for products such as 68302, 68360 and others.
D) Peripheral Chips
---------------------
There is a large offering of peripheral chips available from various
manufacturers. The MC68230 PIT (Parallel Interface/Timer) and the MC68901
MFP (Multi-Function Peripheral) are common and very useful. 68K peripheral
devices have a DTACK* output that signals acknowledgement of the bus cycle
to the CPU - this is how the asynchronous bus functions in the 68k family.
Devices from other families can be used with some ingenuity in the
interface. The multiplexed bus on other competitive products and the lack
of the DTACK* acknowledgement signal are two issues. Generation of the
DTACK* signal in these situations is simple.
68K DEVICE DESCRIPTION note: prefix MC on all these numbers
68150 Dynamic Bus Sizer (for 040, LC040, EC040 and 68060)
68160 EEST (Ethernet driver) - glueless logic to MC68360.
68184 Broadband Interface Controller (BIC) IEEE 802.4
68185 Twisted Pair Modem -use with 68824 for low cost LAN
68194 Carrierband Modem - IEEE 802.4 Physical Layer 1
68195 Local Talk Adapter - MC68332 and 68302 to LocalTalk networks
68230 Parallel Interface/Timer - two 8 bit ports, 24 bit timer
68338 Mac-Media Access Controller - FDDI, see BR1104/D for family
68339 FSI-FDDI System Interface (Fibre Distributed Data Interface)
68440 Dual Channel DMA - 32 bit addressing R & FN packages
68450 DMA Controller (DMAC) - 4 channel
68451 Memory Management Unit (MMU) (obsolete)
68605 X.25 Protocol Controller - two 22 byte FIFOs, DMA, HDLC
68606 X.25 Multi-Link LAPD Protocol Controller - in ISDN
68681 Dual Universal Asynchronous Receiver/transmitter (DUART)
68824 Token Bus Controller (TBC) - GM MAP Level 2
68836 FCG-FDDI Clock Generator - lower part of PHY of FDDI
68837 ELM Elasticity Buffer and Link - rest of PHY of FDDI
68851 32 bit Paged Memory Management Unit (PMMU) (obsolete)
68881/68882 Floating Point Coprocessor (FPU)
68901 Multi Function Peripheral - USART, 8 par I/O lines, 4 timers
10H640 MC68030/040 ECL/TTL Clock Driver (also MC100H640 @5v)
88915/88916 MC68030 and MC68040 clock drivers
Motorola MC6800 family peripherals are very common in M68K systems. Some
popular (and useful) ones are:
6821 PIA - Parallel Interface Adapter. (better to use 68230)
6845 CRT controller. (as in IBM PC Monochrome and CGA screens)
6850 ACIA - simple yet flexible serial port. Cheap too.
68B52 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter (SSDA)
68B54 Advanced data Link Controller (ADLC)
68488 IEEE 488 Interface Adapter
146818 RTC with Ram - Real Time Clock. (as in IBM AT Pcs)
Other manufacturer's parts are often used with 68K products.
E) 8 and 16 bit Processors
----------------------------
Motorola manufactures a wide range of 8 and 16 bit processors and
controllers. The families are the 6800, 6801, 6805, 68HC05, 6809, 68HC11
and 68HC16 (16 bit) series. Many of these devices have built-in functions
such as EPROM, analogue to digital convertors, PLLs and special drivers for
stepper motors and LCD displays. Refer to the "Master Selection Guide" or
SG166/D for more information. Information and free software is available
on the Motorola BBS and most ftp sites. Dunfield Development Systems,
Nepean Ontario, (613) 256-5820 or ddunfield@bix.com provides low cost
compilers and emulators for these products.
] ============== hc11/hc16 mailing list ===============
] send message to listserv@hipp.etsu.edu:
] subscribe mc68hc11 your full name
] unsub mc68hc11 your full name
=====================================================
See the MSA BBS under the Motorola BBS. Much of the information in this
FAQ pertaining to Motorola resources, ftp sites and general information is
also applicable to these processors. BR261/D outlines these product lines.
The 68HC11 Microcontroller FAQ by Russ Hersch (sibit@datasrv.co.il)
contains a great deal of resource information about these processors.
It is posted once a month to comp.robotics and other similar groups.
A FAQ is being written for the HC16 processors.
F) Speed Comparisons
-----------------------
These figures are taken from various Motorola promotional literature.
__________________________________________________________________________
CPU Dhrystones
type 8 Mhz 16 Mhz 20 Mhz 25 Mhz 33 Mhz 40 Mhz 50 M|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
68000 2100 4376
68EC000 2100 4376
68020 7559 9069 11336 15100
68EC020 7559 11336
68030 7830 9394 11743 15641 18788 23485
68EC030 11743 18788
68040 45460 60553 72736
68LC040 36368 45460 60553
68EC040 36368 45460 60553
68060 - claim is about 3.5 times faster than 68040 @ 50 and 66 Mhz
68300 SERIES CPU CORES
EC000 2100 4376 5250
CPU32 6742 8036 10045
CPU32+ 7416 11049 14717
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
My Intel 80386 clone (with 80387) 40 Mhz is 11049 Dhrystones. My original
IBM XT 4.77 Mhz computer shows 300 Dhrystones, a Cray EL92 @ 14,286 and a
Sparcstation IPC @ 23613. Motorola claims a Macintosh Quadra (68040) runs
15-20% faster than a 50Mhz 80486. Spec numbers are most useful to measure
computer systems and are inappropriate for CPUs so are not shown here.
]
__________________________________________________________________________
CPU MIPS (VAX MIPS)
type 8 Mhz 16 Mhz 20 Mhz 25 Mhz 33 Mhz 40 Mhz 50 M|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
68000
68EC000 1.2 2.5
68020 4.3 5.2 6.5 8.7
68EC020 4.3 6.5
68030 4.5 5.4 6.7 9.0 10.8 13.5
68EC030 6.7 10.8
68040 26.1 34.8 41.8
68LC040/EC40 20.9 26.1 34.8
68060 100 @ 66 MHz
68300 SERIES CPU CORES (VAX MIPS)
EC000 1.2 2.5 3.0
CPU32 3.9 4.6 5.8
CPU32+ 4.3 6.3 8.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
]Floating Point Coprocessor Speeds: (KFLOPS)
16 Mhz 20 Mhz 25 Mhz 33 Mhz 40 Mhz 50 M
MC68881 160 192 240
MC68882 264 352 422 528
MC68040 3,500 4,662 5,600
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
G) PowerPc - MPC601, MPC603, MPC604 series.
--------------------------------------------
The PowerPC series are Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). They were
developed by Motorola, IBM and Apple Computer. These processors are
featured in Macintosh, VME and IBM computers. Neither the 601, 603 or the
604 seem to have a Program Counter or Stack Pointers in the MC680x0 sense.
MPC601 Features: (the first PowerPC chip, used in current Apple desktops)
* Thirty-two 32 bit General Purpose Registers (GPR). (user level)
* Thirty-Two 64 bit Floating Point Registers (FPR). (user level)
* Six 32 bit Special Purpose Registers (SPR). (user level)
* Twenty-seven 32 bit Special Purpose Registers (SPR). (supervisor)
* Sixteen 32 bit Segment Registers (SR) (supervisor). (for MMU)
* Exception processing - uses vector offset table.
* 32 bit address bus - linear, not multiplexed or segmented.
* 64 bit data bus - not multiplexed (address bus not multiplexed).
* single-beat (1-8 bytes) and burst (32 bytes) data transfers.
* Two levels of privilege - Supervisor and User modes.
* Floating Point Unit (FPU) - supports all IEEE 754 data types.
* Memory Management Unit (MMU) - 52 bit virtual memory address.
* 32 Kbyte unified data and instruction cache - with bus snooping.
* 3.3 volt CMOS part - interfaces with TTL devices, 5.6 to 8.0 watts.
* 50, 66, 80 Mhz versions - 304 pin quad flat pack ceramic package.
The 601 data types are: integer (8/16/32 bits), floating point (32/64 bits)
Instructions are grouped into these six categories: (MPC601)
* Integer - compare, rotate, shift, computational and logical.
* Floating Point - arithmetic, rounding, conversion, compare, *, +.
* Load/store - integer and floating load, store and move.
* Flow control - branching, trap, condition register logical.
* Processor control - move to/from SPRs, MSR, sync memory accesses.
* Memory control - control of caches, segment registers, lookaside.
The MPC603 is a low power version for use in battery operated portables and
is used in Apple Powerbooks. The MPC604 is not yet available. It is
similar to the 601 with separate 16 Kbyte data and instruction caches
(Harvard Architecture), separate data and instruction MMUs, 3 Integer Units
and a Load/Store Unit. There will be more PowerPC processors. The 620 (64
bit) will be used in the next generation Apple desktops. MPC930/950/972
are clock drivers for PowerPC and Pentium parts.
MPC601UM/AD - PowerPC 601 RISC Microprocessor User's Manual
MPC601/D - Technical Summary - PowerPC 601 Microprocessor
MPC601EC/D - Hardware Specs - PowerPC 601 Microprocessor
MPC603/D - Technical Summary - PowerPC 603 Microprocessor
MPC604/D - Technical Summary - PowerPC 604 Microprocessor
Motorola's first RISC processors are the MC88100 (CPU and FPU) and the
MC88200 (cache and MMU). They have separate address and data busses for
instruction and data memory space. The PowerPC is not an upgrade of these
parts. The 88100 family are presumably still available, but no longer
appear to have a high profile in Motorola's present product matrix.
H) Other Manufacturers
------------------------
]Phillips, Toshiba and Signetics make (made) M68K family processors.
Motorola has not second sourced any of the higher number processors such as
the '020 and up. This is certainly an incomplete list:
]Phillips - SCC68070 (probably no longer available)
]Signetics - 90C100 family, 93C100 (Signetics is owned by Phillips)
]Toshiba - TMP68301, TMP68303 (also make 8 bit parts by the millions)
]Sonnet Technologies Inc., Irvine, California (714) 261-2800 manufacture
"booster" chips for Macintosh MC68020/030/040 computers. This system works
by interfacing a higher speed Motorola processor to the lower speed system
bus. The computer speed is "boosted" by utilizing the internal data and/or
instruction caches of the higher speed processor. A "mathless" 68LC040
computer can be upgraded using to a 68040 which includes the math
processor. There is a possibility these parts could be used in other
systems since they operate "invisibly". Sonnet also makes
MC68882fn16/25/33 math chips. ]They sell for about Cdn$100 or less in
small quantities.
2) Software Sources
====================
A) Free Software Available
---------------------------
Assemblers, compilers and debuggers exist to run on Ms-Dos, Mac, Unix,
680x0 and Amiga platforms. This is an incomplete list of filenames to
search for on the Internet using Archie:
68asmsim.zip - 68000/08/10 assembler and simulator, MS-Dos, with docs and
source code, uses S-records, widely available via ftp. Easy
to use, docs are clear and well organized. Simple function.
tutor.arc - source code for MEX68KECB (68000/08/10) monitor with one-
line assembler/disassembler, S-records & terminal, no docs
tutornew.zip - as above, improved version(?), binaries and source code in
68K assembler, no docs. For modified Alberta ECB computer.
as68k.arc - source code in C of a 68000 assembler for the Amiga. Docs
included. Look also for amigacc68k.lha and SOZOBON.*
as68kdos.zip - 68020/68881/68851 assembler, with docs and source code, uses
s-records, MS-Dos. A little more advanced than 68asmsim.zip
fbug68k.arc - A monitor program for m68000/08/10/20/30/40 processors in C
source code. MC68881/882 (fpu) support and good docs.
M16pc.zip - MS-dos FORTH code to native 68k machine language. No docs
other than the source code. Contact R. Boys for a copy.
68343ffp.arc - A collection of 68000/10 assembly language floating point
routines. Docs are in the ascii listings. Need assembler.
cc68k.arc - optimizing C cross compiler for MS-dos. Generates MC68000
code. Minimal docs, source code included.
040_fpsp - Floating Point software for the MC68040 unimplemented
68881/882 instructions. Located on the Motorola Free BBS
and AESOP (as m68040FPSP). See below for phone numbers.
x68000.arc - 68000 assembler (DDJ PP) for MS-Dos, no docs, source code.
On the Motorola BBS, bode.ee.ualberta.ca and ftp.luth.se.
tbi68k.lbr - Tiny Basic for 68000 ECB board, with source, Found on the
Motorola BBS, bode.ee.ualberta.ca and ftp.luth.se.
Not listed here are assemblers, cross-assemblers, C compilers, debuggers
etc. for 68HC11 series, 68701, 68HC16, MC68332, MC68302, MC68360, Digital
Signal Processors (DSP). There is Macintosh software also. These files are
all available on the Motorola BBS and most ftp sites. (see below)
Two syntaxes exist for M68k assembler source code - the Motorola and the
MIT versions. As an example, the Motorola syntax is move.l xxx and the MIT
syntax is movel xxx. These types of differences must be corrected before
the source code can be compiled. This problem seems to be found in GCC
code and appears to result from the inability of MIT's computer system to
handle a ".". Rolf Spalink's file mit2mot.tar.gz converts from one syntax
to the other. FTP from (bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola/portable or
ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/m68k).
For sample source code on IDE drive, VGA, SIMM memory and ISA bus
interfaces, try the Indiana University 68030 project listed below.
For drivers in source code for communications such as HDLC, Lapd, Bisync,
LocalTalk and others, from bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola, get the file
motorola_bbs_listing. This file is a listing of the Motorola BBS in Texas.
Some files are mirrored on the ftp sites. See D) ftp sites below.
DJGPP is a port of GCC to MS-DOS (386 or higher) which can be found via ftp
on:
omnigate.clarkson.edu: /pub/msdos/djgpp
oak.oakland.edu: /pub/msdos/djgpp
or any SIMTEL mirror site. Both sources and binaries are available.
Linux68K - Linux, a UNIX clone for 80386 and higher processors is now being
ported to the Amiga, Atari and Macintosh machines. For information about
Linux and the 68K port contact the www server in Germany:
http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~hn/linux68k.html
The source code and some compiled code is available via ftp from:
tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/680x0/
]A cross-gcc mailing list is being run by Gerd Truschinski
](gt@first.gmd.de) that focuses on environments for 68K processors.
]To subscribe: send "subscribe crossgcc" (w/o "") to
]majordomo@first.gmd.de
]RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Military Systems) is a real-time O/S with C
]and ADA implementations. It and documentation is available via ftp from
]lancelot.gcs.redstone.army.mil:/pub/rtems/releases/3.1.0 and the WWW page
]is http://lancelot.gcs.redstone.army.mil/rg4/rtems.html. The contact
]person is Joel Sherrill (jsherril@redstone-emhz.army.mil) in Alabama.
B) Commercial Software Available
---------------------------------
There are many third party vendors of software for Motorola processors. A
Motorola BBS - Aesop which is described below, contains a large listing of
these vendors. The Motorola 68000 Developer program exists to provide
marketing support for 68k developers. Interested developers can join by
calling (800) 367-8363. Developers are listed in "68k Source" (BR729/D).
For European sources get europe.gz at ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq.
The firms listed below are representative examples:
Introl Corporation
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(414) 327-7171, FAX (414) 327-7734
email: info@introl.com
Provides a range of cross development tools for 6801,3,4,5,9, 68HC11,
68HC16 and the 68000 family. Hosts include the IBM PC, Macintosh, RS/6000,
VAX/VMS, Sun-4, Apollo, DecStation and HP 9000 series.
Nohau Corporation
Campbell, California
(408) 866-1820, FAX (408) 378-7869
Provides in-circuit emulators for the 68300 and 68HC16 families.
Microware Systems Corporation
Des Moines, Iowa
(515) 224-1929, FAX (515) 224-1352
Email: info@microware.com
Provides the real-time operating system OS-9 to run on MC680x0 systems.
C) Motorola BBS
----------------
Motorola operates a free Bulletin Board System that contains documents and
free software. There is a Fax-Back service. The file faxndx.txt contains
the documents available for faxback. The numbers are:
==================================================================
MOTOROLA FREE BBS SYSTEM There is NO cost for this.
Austin, Texas (512) 891-3733
The V.32 9600 Baud modems are now on-line using MNP-5!
Please connect at 8 Data bits, No Parity, 1 Stop Bit.
ALSO:
Munich, Germany. 49-89-92103-111. (14400 baud)
Stuttgart, Germany 49-7031-275496 (19200 baud)
San Diego, California (619) 279-3907
Toronto, Ontario, Canada (416) 497-8989 (1200 baud)
The MSA BBS (Microcontroller Software Applications) is now running on the
Austin BBS. It supports MASM which is a cross assembler for the 68HC05 and
HC08/11/16 products. A demo version is available for free downloading.
===========================================================================
"Design-NET" is a new Motorola electronic link to customers. A database,
Email, OEM pricing, NEWS database, and more is available. Request BR1307
from the Literature Distribution Centre or a Motorola sales office. The
Specs in Secs disk contains a Membership Request Form in the main menu.
"Design-NET" also has a fax-back service for many Motorola documents at
(602) 244-6609. A touch-tone phone (DTMF) is needed. This is an
International service. An instruction fax is available from here.
Documents to be faxed can now be ordered via Internet Email. Contact
r.boys@genie.geis.com for a copy of the instructions.
========================================================================
DSP BBS: (Digital Signal Processing) (included here for reference)
Austin, Texas (512) 891-3773
========================================================================
AESOP - (Applications Engineering Support through On-line Productivity)
1-800-843-3451 (USA and Canada) (512)-891-3650 (elsewhere)
This BBS has lists of third party support that supply M68k cross-compilers,
C and other language compilers, emulators and analyzers. These lists are
extensive. Chip and document errata are found here as well as ordering
information for user's manuals and general information. No 8 bit parts.
]AESOP has a series of FAQs on the 680x0, 68EC0x0, 683xx and the MC68681.
]These files are available via ftp as one file (aesopfaq) from
]bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola or ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq.
]The User's Manuals for the MC68040 and MC68322 for Windows and the
]Macintosh are available for downloading from AESOP only.
]Please note the zmodem protocol does not operate correctly at this time.
D) ftp Sites
-------------
Numerous sites exist around the world that contain software and information
for Motorola products. This includes 8, 16 and 32 bit processors.
See the section "Free Software Available" in this faq.
Much of the information contained on the Motorola BBS in Texas is mirrored
on the Internet. Here are three good sites:
ftp.luth.se (Sweden) /pub/misc/motorola } for M68K items
bode.ee.ualberta.ca /pub/motorola } look under /m68k
ernie.uvic.ca / }
If trouble is experienced with the Alberta site upon connection, try
replacing "bode" with "ftp" or "wattson".
A current listing of the files on the Austin BBS is available via ftp from
the Alberta site bode.ee.ualberta.ca as /pub/motorola/motorola_bbs_listing.
A descriptive listing of files on the ftp sites can be obtained from:
bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola as the file INDEX.
From ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola or ernie.uvic.ca get freeware.dir.
These files, along with the "Specs in Secs" data disk, should be considered
as companion documents to this FAQ.
Motorola apparently plans to offer an Internet ftp site soon.(RSN)??
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
3) Hardware (board level) Sources
===================================
A) Integrated Development Platform (IDP), MEVB, BCC, et al
------------------------------------------------------------
A series of products by Motorola that consists of a motherboard and various
plug-in modules for different CPUs and I/O modules. The motherboard
connects to a terminal or host computer through a RS-232 serial port. This
system provides a low cost evaluation platform for developing software and
hardware for M68K family members. The Product Brief part is M68KIDP/D.
M68EC000IDP $510 M68EC000CPU $160 (IDP numbers are mother
M68EC020IDP $595 M68EC020CPU $245 and daughter boards,
M68EC030IDP $650 M68EC030CPU $300 CPU are daughter boards
M68EC040IDP $750 M68EC040CPU $400 only) (US dollars)
Sierra 68306 Development Board (with compiler and debugger) is US $249.
Contact Mark_Taylor@oakqm3.sps.mot.com (512) 891-2592. for IDP and Sierra.
The AMCU (Advanced MicroController Unit) supplies a board similar to the
IDP that supports the MC68330 series parts. It is called the MEVB
(Motorola Evaluation Board). It is a small (3" by 3") platform board with
a processor on it. It supports all the parts that use the Inter-Module Bus
(IMB) such as 68HC05, 68HC11, 68HC16 and 68331-334. Try BR711/D for info.
Motorola also supplies the "Business Card Computer" (BCC). This is a
stand-alone single board MC68340 computer. It is equipped with a monitor -
340bug which is also available on the Motorola BBS or the ftp sites. It is
designed to interface between a RS-232 terminal and other boards such as
the M68340 Platform Board. The Product Brief part number is BR753/D.
Motorola also made the ECB single board computer (MEX68KECB) that runs a
MC68000 CPU with a wirewrap area for educational and development purposes.
It uses the TUTOR monitor program which is a simple assembler and
disassembler. They are no longer available but used units may exist. The
TUTOR software is available (source code) from the Motorola BBS and ftp
sites and can be used on home brew computers with some modification.
Arnewsh Inc, Colorado, (303) 223-1616 / FAX: (303) 223-9573 makes a board
similar to the ECB with a 5.25" floppy disk interface. It sells for US$375
with a 25% discount to universities and students. Arnewsh also make single
board computers using the 68302 ($495), 68306 ($375) and the 68EN360
($975, $1475 with the optional MC68EC40).
Applix (Lot 1 Kent Street, Yerrinbool, NSW Australia) make a 68000 board
with CGA or mono video (MC6845), dual RS-232 ports (8530), 512k DRAM, 512K
Eprom, 7 TTL i/o lines, eight A/D inputs and optional floppy controller.
The cost is about $250AU. Contact eric@zen.maths.uts.edu.au for more info.
B) VME modules
----------------
VME modules are state-of-the-art and are used to construct very powerful
computer systems. VME boards have data bus sizes of 16, 32 or 64 bits. VME
boards now contain processors such as DEC AXP, various DSP chips, AM29000
(RISC chip), PowerPC and 80486 in addition to the Motorola 680x0 line.
Many peripheral boards exist including VGA, telecom, analyzers, data
acquisition, video processors and memory (1 gigabyte!). The VXIbus is an
instrumentation bus compatible with the VME bus.
VMEbus Systems Magazine 25875 Jefferson, St. Clair Shores, Michigan, 48081,
(313) 774-8180 is free to qualified VME systems users and specifiers and
contains industry news, informative articles and useful advertisements.
The VXIjournal (VXIbus and GPIB) is also available from this same source.
VITA, (VMEbus International Trade Association) 10229 North Scottsdale Rd,
Suite B, Scottsdale, Arizona, 85253, (602) 951-8866 publishes the "VMEbus
Handbook" $53 and the "VMEbus Specification" $32. The Handbook provides
information for programmers, system integrators, engineers while the VMEbus
Specification provides more "hardware level" information such as that
needed for board design. These two books provide the information needed to
understand the VMEbus system and are worth the moderate cost.
VITA also publishes a Buyer's Guide for $55 (or $110 a year). A VXIbus
Buyer's Guide $33 is available from Micrology pbt, Inc., 2618 S. Shannon
Drive, Tempe, Arizona, 85282. (602) 966-5936.
There are many manufacturers of VME bus computer modules worldwide. Refer
to comp.arch.bus.vmebus for more information. Many VME CPU boards have a
built-in monitor program similar to the TUTOR monitor and have a RS-232
port that can be hooked up to a terminal or a host computer. Programs can
be entered with the simple assembler/disassembler and executed. Peripheral
devices can be attached easily to these boards. These boards are often
available used and the older ones with 68000/10 CPUs have a low cost(<$50).
Newbridge Microsystems manufacture the VME64 (SCV64) controller chip which
provides a 64 bit VME bus interface from the local bus. This chip has a
built-in DMA controller, VME address decoder and local bus burst modes. It
is a 299 pin PGA ($308CDN) or a 304 pin PQFP ($256CDN) package. Newbridge
also make PCI to VME interface and Futurebus+ interface chips. (800) 267-
7231 (North America), (613) 592-0714 Canada or (408) 258-3600 in Calif.
]Email addresses: nms-inquire@newbridge.com for general inquiries or
]nms-support@newbridge.com for technical support.
A neat setup is a VME board with an internal monitor program connected to
an IBM PC with a RS-232 port using a common communication program and an
assembler such as 68asmsim or as68k. (Telix works good - treat the VME as a
modem) A power supply from an IBM PC will power a VME board.(+5,+-12 volt)
A VMEbus FAQ is now under construction for comp.arch.bus.vmebus.
C) Indiana University 68030 single board project
--------------------------------------------------------
The schematics (in Postscript), GERBER artwork for the PCBs, sources and
images for the monitor and PAL programming and some documentation are
available via ftp from cs.indiana.edu: /pub/goo/mc68030/.
This board uses a floppy disk, IDE hard drive, VGA monitor, a ISA bus and
SIMM memory chips. It uses the MINIX operating system (copyrighted),
NetBSD and bootp code to run either a wd8003 or 3c501 Ethernet card.
The contact person is Ingo Cyliax (cyliax@cs.indiana.edu).
The Computer Science department is considering offering this board as a
full or partial kit to the public because of interest generated on the Net.
For more information or opinions regarding options, (ie board, board +
proms, + all parts, assembled vs unassembled etc) please Email Ingo Cyliax.
Ingo is also interested in opinions of the cost most people would expect to
pay for such a project to help determine the features that can be included.
Ingo is also working on some 68302 designs. He has a minimum mode (8 bit)
68302 design that can load S-records from a PC parallel port.
The schematic is available in: cs.indiana.edu:pub/goo/uC2
He has added info about the '030 and 68302 board to his hyplan, the URL:
http://www.cs.indiana.edu/hyplan/cyliax.html
and will add data as he works on it. He also is working on uC3, which is a
16 bit mode 68302 with PC/104 interface and takes up to 8Mb of DRAM.
D) Consumer computers and Workstations
----------------------------------------
Computers that use the 68K series of processors are Atari, Amiga, Apple
MacIntosh and some older Radio Shack models. Opportunities for
experimentation may reside in some of these machines. Cross compilers,
such as amigacc68k.lha, are available via ftp for the Amiga.
There are older workstations that use M68K processors that may be available
for low prices. The Sun 3/60 is very popular in the education field and
the HP 9000 310 uses a 68010 and the 320 uses a 68020 CPU. The NeXT cube
has a 68030 and the SGI Iris 3000 uses a 68020. The AT&T 3b1 computer uses
a 68010, has a newsgroup on USENET and is a cheap way to get a SYS V UNIX.
]E) Integrated Circuits Prices ALL THIS IS NEW!
-------------------------------
Prices given are from Canadian sources in small quantities in Canadian
dollars. Multiply CDN$ by approximately 0.75 to obtain US$ figures. All
prices are for reference only and may (will) vary widely due to quantity
ordered, marketing price setting, package and speed.
MC68000P10 14.52 MC68302FC16 118.09
MC68EC000??8 12.67 MC68302RC16C 242.03
MC68EC000FU10 19.69 MC68331CF16 60.32
MC68EC000??16 24.13 MC68332CF16 71.88
MC68HC000P10 21.14
MC68008P8 8.48 MC68340FE16 74.74
MC68010P10 57.00 MC68882RC33A 1135.29
MC68020FC16 72.37 MC68882FN33A 146.55
MC68020FC33E 152.55
MC68EC020FG16 51.71 MC68824FN12H 139.02
MC68EC030FE25B 109.05
XC68F333CFT16 242.92
MC68705R3 5.95 MC68701S 33.96
MC68705U35 21.95 MC68701U4S1 60.19
MC68B21 3.75 MC146818P 9.52
MC68B09 7.75 MC68488P 38.76
MC68B40 5.50
MC68B44 10.00
MC68185FN 19.85 MC68440P8 16.30
MC68195FN 12.49 MC68450R8 82.04
MC68230P8 9.68 MC68605RC10 137.61
MC68230P10 13.56 MC68606FN12B 207.50
MC68681 11.00
-Boards-
HC11EVBU 140.00 MC68332BCC 71.73
68EBLP11KIT 285.00 MC68701EVM 1028.41
] to here!
4) Construction Information
=============================
I guess this is next, well, I am off to grad school so...next year.
5) General Specifications
===========================
A) Integrated Circuit Package Information
-------------------------------------------
DIP Dual-in-line-Package only 68000/08/10/12/68HC000
PGA Pin Grid Array (ceramic) easy for hand construction
PPGA Pin Grid Array (plastic) "" ""
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier not generally soldered
QFP Quad Flat Package (plastic) difficult to hand solder
CQFP Ceramic Quad Flat Package "" ""
The DIP is the familiar package with the flexible pins at 0.10 inch
spacing. This is the oldest package type used with the 68K family.
The PGA (and PPGA) is a square package with rigid pins coming out the
bottom. Usually socketed and the pins have a 0.10 inch spacing.
The PLCC are meant to be in sockets soldered to a circuit board. They have
a pin spacing of 0.050 inch. The package is square.
The QFP and the CQFP are surface mount devices and are the latest package
type used with the 68K family. The package is square with a pin spacing of
a mere 0.025 inches making hand soldering difficult but not impossible.
Generally, specialized soldering equipment is needed but many people solder
with a sharp tipped iron. The pins are flexible but due to their short
length cannot be bent very much. AMP (a plug and socket manufacturer)
apparently manufacture sockets for these packages. 3M may be another
source. The sockets have a 0.10 inch spacing for easier construction.
B) Pin-outs
-------------
"What is the pin for ...." is a frequently-asked-question. The question is
often asked for older processors such as 6800 and 68000. This information
is becoming available on the World-Wide-Web (WWW) and elsewhere. One place
to try is http://131.246.89.1 (www.unix-ag.uni-kl.de). Click on the
Motorola symbol under "hardware". This site is in German, English and
others. This web is still under construction.
Oxford University has some CPU pinouts and instruction set information
available. The list is not up to date. To contribute contact
jonathan.bowen@comlab.ox.ac.uk. The information is available from:
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/cards.html or by ftp from:
ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk:/pub/Cards.
C) S-Records
--------------
S-Records are Ascii characters in a protocol developed by Motorola and is
used to transfer data and program code to and from host computers or to
store such information. Details of this protocol have been archived as
s_record.zip at bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola/general and also at
ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq as s_record.gz.
D) CPU Clocks and Double-Clocking
-----------------------------------
CPU clock speeds are used by consumers to compare the performance of
different microprocessors. This is the classic case of comparing apples
and oranges in almost all cases. Clock speeds can only be used for
comparison with the same processor and then with care.
For example, a 1 Mhz MC6800 processor runs at the same bus speed as a 4 Mhz
MC6802: the 6802 has a divide-by-4 circuit so less expensive 4 Mhz crystals
can be used. This is also a cheap way to make a CPU seem more powerful but
runs the risk of marketing "numbers games". It is better to compare CPUs
with test programs that return comparison values such as "millions of
instructions per second (MIPS) or Dhrystones. Even then, one must be very
careful using such comparisons - see Cray under "F) Speed Comparisons".
Motorola clock frequencies should not be directly compared with other
manufacturer's frequencies.
The effective speed of a processor depends not only on clock speeds but
also on computer bus speed (ie memory speed), CPU registers, internal
features (such as caches), FPU units, external features such as external
caches and data bus width and the software used. An instruction and/or
data cache usually dramatically improves system speed. A 25 Mhz part is
not necessarily twice the speed of a 12.5 Mhz part but also depends on the
external resources the CPU is connected to.
The issue of "clock-doubling" with Apple products and the 68040 is a
question often asked on the net. Apple (and others) advertises some of its
notebook computers with "33/66 or 25/50" Mhz speed designations. This has
been referred to as "clock doubling". The '040 has two clock inputs - PCLK
and BCLK. PCLK runs at twice the frequency of BCLK. BCLK (1/2 PCLK) runs
at the frequency of the part and is used to derive all bus signal timing.
PCLK (2x BCLK) is used for internal logic timing. PCLK is not present on
the 3.3 volt parts (MC68040V and 68EC040V). The 68020/030/060 do not have
this feature but the 68360 does. Use BCLK as the part's true speed.
This is not the same as Intel's "clock doubling" on the 486 Overdrive chip.
"Overclocking" refers to increasing a CPU's clock frequency beyond the
part's specification for higher performance (also called clock-chipping).
]Sonnet's "clock doubling" or "booster" chips (for Macs) interface a slower
]system bus to a higher speed processor by utilizing internal fast caches.
6) Literature
===============
Motorola publishes a plethora of literature ranging from product brochures
and data sheets to detailed technical application notes (AN). The "Specs
in Secs" data disk has a listing with descriptions of various documents.
Application Notes are examples of applications of all Motorola products.
An example is "AN1310 - Using the MC68332 Microcontroller for AC Induction
Motor Control". Schematics, drawings and short program code are often
included in these informative and usually easy to read notes.
Article Reprints are reprints of articles from various publications that
are of interest to users of Motorola products. An example is "AR217 - The
Motorola MC68020. Articles are on the technical side yet easy to read.
Brochures are usually short yet comprehensive outlines of Motorola
products. An example is "BR176/D - M68000 Family Brochure."
Selection Guides give information needed to choose among family members.
The "Master Selection Guide (SG73/D) lists all Motorola products. M680x0
series and the MC68300 series are in SG167/D and SG166/D respectively.
Engineering Bulletins are similar to application notes. An example is
"EB111 - The Application of a Duplexer". Design Concepts are similar and
are also listed in the "Specs in Secs" disk.
Data sheets are available in various stages of completion as the products
mature. They are Product Briefs, Technical Summary, Advanced Information
and regular. The Advanced Information is how most data sheets are made
available. Data sheets part numbers contain the device part number
followed (usually) by a /D. Examples are MC68360/D and MC68331TS/D. (TS
means "technical summary"). Data sheet books have a suffix of DL and often
have application notes in addition to specific data sheets for a family of
parts. A listing is in the "Specs in Secs" data disk.
User's Manuals contain just about everything you need to know about a
device (except price and availability and instruction set details). The
part number is the device number with a suffix of UM/AD. Examples are
MC68606UM/AD, MC68030UM/AD and MC68360UM/AD. The 68360UM is 3.5 cm thick.
Programmer's Manuals contain instruction set details such as mnemonics and
data and addressing details. Most User's Manuals contain an overview of
the instructions. Examples are M68000PM/AD (get this book) and CPU32RM/AD.
Many third party textbooks contain information about this material too.
Some more useful documents in addition to those listed above are:
BR135/D - "Applications & Products Literature Selector Guide etc" - A list
of available application notes (AN), BR, AR, EB etc documents
referenced by chip part number and product category for all
Motorola products. In Europe order as SG410/D.
BR101/D - "Technical Literature and Information Guide" This lists (with
short descriptions and prices) data books (DL), Selector Guides
and Applications Literature, User's Manuals and textbooks.
European edition - BR464/D.
FR68K/D - "M68000 Family Reference", a book that contains data sheets for
most of the current 68K family. May be M68000FR/AD.
MPC601UM/AD - PowerPc 601 RISC Processor User's Manual.
BR1133/D - High-Performance Product Portfolio Overview (HIPPO)
- a quarterly overview of 16 and 32 bit microprocessors. Too
large to fax (61 pages). SG421/D in Europe.
DL409/D - collection of Application Notes, Article Reprints etc. ($14.85)
DL408/D - as DL409/D but for 8-bit MCU parts. ($14.85)
The file "texthelp.zip" available from:
ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/general contains a list of most Motorola
data literature. This file is getting old though...the $100 subscription
mentioned in the embedded file UPDATE_S is no longer available.
A) "Specs in Secs"
--------------------
The Motorola "Specs in Secs" data disc contains the addresses for Motorola
sales offices and distributors around the world besides product selection.
A listing of various Application Notes and other publications is included.
This disc is available from the Motorola BBS, bode.ee.ualberta.ca and
ftp.luth.se. The file name for the latest version (6) is spec6.arc or
spec6.zip. This file is about 340k and is worth downloading.
B) "UPDATE"
-------------
For general technical information (voice) try 1-800-521-6274 (USA and
Canada). For information concerning literature or ordering "UPDATE"
(BR128) which is a brochure outlining recent product releases and new
publications and data sheets, call 1-800-441-2447 (USA) or (602)-994-6561.
C) "The 68K Connection"
-------------------------
The newsletter "The 68KC Connection" is available by mailing or faxing your
name, address and company name to:
The 68K Connection FAX = (512) 891-2943
Motorola, MD OE310
6501 William Cannon Drive West
Austin, Texas 78735-2943
This newsletter contains general news and information concerning 68K family
members and their implementation in various products.
D) Master Selection Guide
---------------------------
A free book that lists all products manufactured by Motorola. Distributors
should be able to provide a copy. Published periodically. Part # SG73/D.
E) Motorola Addresses
-----------------------
For lists of Motorola Field Offices and Literature centres around the
world, consult the "Specs in Secs" file or under the /marketing directory
in the ftp sites mentioned above.
F) Literature Distribution Centres
------------------------------------
USA: Motorola Literature Distribution (800) 441-2447
P.O. Box 20912
Phoenix, Arizona
85036
Europe: Motorola Ltd.
European Literature Center
88 Tanners Drive
Blakelands, Milton Keynes
MK14 5BP, England
Asia-Pacific: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.
Silicon Harbour Center
No. 2 Dai King Street
Tai Po Industrial Estate
Tai Po, N.T.
Hong Kong
Japan: Nippon Motorola Ltd.
4-32-1 Nishi-Gotanda
Shinagawa-ku
Tokyo 141, Japan
G) Training and Instructional Books
-------------------------------------
Motorola runs technical seminars on various processor families. BR348AD/D
(if available) outlines these programs. (602) 897-3665 (Phoenix, Arizona)
There are many books available about Motorola processors. Check public
libraries and universities (especially ones with Computer Science or
Engineering faculties) for suitable texts in the QA76 area. Larger book
stores often have some titles - look also under Macintosh computers. See
the file texthelp.zip described above under 6) Literature. (dated material)
The Motorola Literature Distribution Center has the following text books
listed in BR135 with prices presumably correct, in US $ and plus shipping.
TB303/D Using Microprocessors and Microcomputers: The Mot. Family.$49.80
TB320/D The M68000 Family, Vol 1. Architecture, Addressing Modes and
Instruction Set. $36.25
TB322/D Vol 2. Applications and the M68K devices. $37.15
TB323/D The 68000 Book (Southern, 1990) $19.50
TB325/D The MC68332 Microcontroller. $46.75
TPURM/AD MC68300 Family Time Processor Unit (TPU) Reference Manual. $1.90
H) University Support:
------------------------
Motorola has two centers that provide support for university programs that
feature Motorola products. These centers are geared towards providing
assistance to professors but will help students. The Phoenix center
focuses on discrete and logic devices while the Austin location handles
microprocessors and D.S.P. products. Both locations are able to assist in
each other's product areas. These centers can help provide literature,
devices, training and equipment at low or no cost on a discretionary basis
to qualified individuals or institutions.
Motorola University Support Motorola Semiconductor Products Division
505 Barton Springs Road University Support
]Suite 100 Mail Drop 56-106
Austin, Texas 78704 P.O. Box 52073
phone (512) 505-8836 Phoenix, Arizona 85072
fax (512) 505-8883 phone (602) 952-3857
fax (602) 952-3621
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comments and corrections to r.boys@genie.geis.com
Thanks for all those who have helped me with this.
Greg Hawley Wisconsin Ingo Cyliax Indiana
Jeff Loeliger Scotland Ben Stuyts The Netherlands
Mike Coughlin Massachusets Graham Wood Great Britain
John Hauser California Frans Meulenbroeks The Netherlands
Frank Sautter Deutschland John Rummel Canada
Heiko Krupp Deutschland Toni Zollikofer Deutschland
Paul Nelson Texas Robert Federle Deutschland
Joel Sumner Texas Randy Sutherland Ontario, Canada
Gerry Belanger Connecticut
Thanks to Kees den Hartigh (Alberta) and Olof Johansson (Sweden) for
sparing a few K on their hard drives for me.
....and all the posters on comp.sys.m68k and comp.arch.bus.vmebus
....and all those who I forgot to mention. <apologies>
This FAQ would be a mess w/o their i/p.
Special thanks to George Bucek for letting me rummage through his library.
Of course, thanks to all those at Motorola who have always helped me with
procuring information and for being so friendly on the phone.
Robert Boys
Ontario, CANADA
